Anything which occupies space and has mass is termed as matter.
Matter has been divided in two types
(i) Pure Substance: It is defined as Substance which is made up of only one types of Atoms or molecules
(ii) Mixtures: Mixture consists of two or or more substances mixed together
Mixture consists of over one reasonably pure substances which may be separated by physical method.
Mixtures are of two types
(i)Homogeneous mixture
(ii)Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture: A mixture is said to be homogeneous if it has Same Compostion throught the solution
Ex: Sugar in water, etc.
Heterogeneous mixtures: a mixture is claimed to be heterogeneous if all the components of the mixture aren't uniformly mixed.
Ex: Water and sand, Air etc.
Solution and its properties
A solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Ex: Lemonade, soda water etc.
A solution has two components:
(i) Solvent
(ii) Solute
(i) Solvent: The component of the solution that is present in more quantity is called solvent
(ii) Solute: The component of the solution that is present in lesser quantity is called solute
Properties of Solution:
1.solution are homogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9) in diameter which can not be seen by naked eyes.
3. they do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution that's they don’t show Tyndall effect. So, the beam of light isn't visible in solution.
4. The solute particles can not be separated from the mixture by the method of filtration.
5. The solution is stable and solute particles don't settle down when left
Concentration of A Solution
(i) Saturated solution: When no more amount of solute can be dissolved during a solution at a given temperature, it's called a saturated solution.
(ii) Unsaturated solution: When more amount of solute can be dissolved during a solution at a given temperature, it's called a saturated solution.
(ii) Solubility: the quantity of the solute present within the saturated solution at the given temperature is
called its solubility.
The concentration of a solution is that the amount of solute present during a given amount (mass or volume) of solution. Also, the quantity of solute dissolved during a given mass or volume of solvent is named concentration of solution.
Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solvent or Amount of solute/Amount of solution (Here, amount means mass or volume).
Two methods of finding concentration of solution:
(i) Mass by mass percentage of solution = (Mass of solute/Mass of solution) ×100
(ii) Mass by volume percentage of an answer = (Mass of solute/Volume of solution) ×100
Suspension and its properties
A suspension could be a heterogeneous mixture within which the the solute particles don't dissolve but remain suspended throughout the majority of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air
Properties of Suspension :
1. it's a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the oculus.
3. Size of the particles is bigger than 100 nm.
4. it's unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the underside over period of your time.
5. If suspension is passed through filterpaper, solute and solvent gets separated.
6. It scatters beam of light when light is passed throught it i.e It shows Tyndall effect
Colloidal solution and its properties
Colloid solution is heterogeneous mixture within which the dimensions of particles lies between verity solutions and suspensions.
• Colloidal particles can easily scatter a beam of visible radiation. This phenomenon is termed optical phenomenon.
1. The particles of colloid can’t be seen by naked eyes individually.
2. it's a heterogeneous mixture and thus solute and solvent can’t be separated by paper.
3. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).
4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a given period of time.
5. they donot settle when left undisturbed which implies colloid is quiet stable.
Matter has been divided in two types
(i) Pure Substance: It is defined as Substance which is made up of only one types of Atoms or molecules
(ii) Mixtures: Mixture consists of two or or more substances mixed together
Types of mixture
Mixture consists of over one reasonably pure substances which may be separated by physical method.
Mixtures are of two types
(i)Homogeneous mixture
(ii)Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture: A mixture is said to be homogeneous if it has Same Compostion throught the solution
Ex: Sugar in water, etc.
Heterogeneous mixtures: a mixture is claimed to be heterogeneous if all the components of the mixture aren't uniformly mixed.
Ex: Water and sand, Air etc.
Solution and its properties
A solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Ex: Lemonade, soda water etc.
A solution has two components:
(i) Solvent
(ii) Solute
(i) Solvent: The component of the solution that is present in more quantity is called solvent
(ii) Solute: The component of the solution that is present in lesser quantity is called solute
Properties of Solution:
1.solution are homogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9) in diameter which can not be seen by naked eyes.
3. they do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution that's they don’t show Tyndall effect. So, the beam of light isn't visible in solution.
4. The solute particles can not be separated from the mixture by the method of filtration.
5. The solution is stable and solute particles don't settle down when left
Concentration of A Solution
(i) Saturated solution: When no more amount of solute can be dissolved during a solution at a given temperature, it's called a saturated solution.
(ii) Unsaturated solution: When more amount of solute can be dissolved during a solution at a given temperature, it's called a saturated solution.
(ii) Solubility: the quantity of the solute present within the saturated solution at the given temperature is
called its solubility.
The concentration of a solution is that the amount of solute present during a given amount (mass or volume) of solution. Also, the quantity of solute dissolved during a given mass or volume of solvent is named concentration of solution.
Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solvent or Amount of solute/Amount of solution (Here, amount means mass or volume).
Two methods of finding concentration of solution:
(i) Mass by mass percentage of solution = (Mass of solute/Mass of solution) ×100
(ii) Mass by volume percentage of an answer = (Mass of solute/Volume of solution) ×100
Suspension and its properties
A suspension could be a heterogeneous mixture within which the the solute particles don't dissolve but remain suspended throughout the majority of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air
Properties of Suspension :
1. it's a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the oculus.
3. Size of the particles is bigger than 100 nm.
4. it's unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the underside over period of your time.
5. If suspension is passed through filterpaper, solute and solvent gets separated.
6. It scatters beam of light when light is passed throught it i.e It shows Tyndall effect
Colloidal solution and its properties
Colloid solution is heterogeneous mixture within which the dimensions of particles lies between verity solutions and suspensions.
• Colloidal particles can easily scatter a beam of visible radiation. This phenomenon is termed optical phenomenon.
Properties of colloidal solution:
1. The particles of colloid can’t be seen by naked eyes individually.
2. it's a heterogeneous mixture and thus solute and solvent can’t be separated by paper.
3. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).
4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a given period of time.
5. they donot settle when left undisturbed which implies colloid is quiet stable.
Separation of components of mixture
Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their constituents by simple physical methods.
Methods include: handpicking, sieving, filtration
Handpicking images
The substance which isn't soluble and remains on the filter paperis named residue while the one which is filtered out is named filtrate
Methods include: handpicking, sieving, filtration
Filtration:
Filtration is a process in which the solute and also the solvent are separated using filter paper. The difference within the solubility of the constituents is employed to separate them in this process.The substance which isn't soluble and remains on the filter paperis named residue while the one which is filtered out is named filtrate
For example: Sand and water is separated by the method of filtration.
Evaporation:
Evaporation is a process which is used to separate a substance that has dissolved in water(or the other liquid).The use of process of evaporation for separating a mixture is predicated on the fact that liquids vaporize easily whereas solids don't vaporize easily.
• it's used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests
• It is employed in dairies and residential to separate butter from cream.
Evaporation:
Evaporation is a process which is used to separate a substance that has dissolved in water(or the other liquid).The use of process of evaporation for separating a mixture is predicated on the fact that liquids vaporize easily whereas solids don't vaporize easily.
Separation of cream from milk
To seperate cream from milk centrifugaion method is used
Centrifugation It is a technique of separating the suspended particles of substances from liquid.
Application of centrifugation:-
• it's used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests
• It is employed in dairies and residential to separate butter from cream.
Separating two immiscible liquids
• The process of separation of 2 immiscible liquid is carried by funnel
• the essential principle involve is the difference between the densities of two liquids form two separate layers.
Steps of separating kerosene oil and water:
• Pour the mixture of kerosene oil and water in a separating funnel.
• Let it stand undisturbed for sometime in order to separate layers of oil and water formed.
• Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water carefully.
And then closed stopcock it when reaches at the top
Sublimation:- It is process in which a solid changes into Gaseous State on heating
Ex :-Nh4Cl ,Camphor ,NaptheleneChromotography :- This method is used to seperate Coloured component from liquid by using filter paper or botting
Distillation :- It is used to seperate a mixture of misicble liquid by boilling the mixture and cooling
Fractional Distillation It used to seperate liquid which have difference in thier boilling point of 25K.
Pure Subtances
There are 2 types of pure substance
(i)Element
(ii)Compound
Element :-Element is the simplest form of matter which can not be further devided by and physical method
Pure Subtances
There are 2 types of pure substance
(i)Element
(ii)Compound
Element :-Element is the simplest form of matter which can not be further devided by and physical method
Ex Na ,Al
Metal :-The substance which have tendency to loose electron is called metal ex Al Fe
Properties of Metal
Metals are malleable,Ductile ,Sonorous,Lusturous
Nonmetal :-The Substance which have tendency to accept electron is called Nonmetal ex:- Carbon
Compound
When 2 or more substance chemically combined together in a fixed ratio it is called Compound
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