Criteria to decide something is Alive ;-
The most important criteria to decide
whether something alive is
movement. All living things move without the assistance of any external help.
Some movements are easily visible just like the movements of body parts.
Some movements aren't easily visible like molecular movements. The
molecular movements in cells and tissues is important for all life
processes.
Lifeprocess:-
Life processes are the fundamental processes in living organisms which are
necessary for maintaining their life. the fundamental life processes are -
nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
i) Nutrition :- is that the process of taking food by an organism and its
utilization by the body for all times processes.
ii) Respiration :- is that the process by which food is burnt within the cells of the
body with the assistance of oxygen to release energy.
iii) Transportation :- is that the process by which food, oxygen, water, waste
products are carried from one a part of the body to the opposite,
iv) Excretion :- is that the process by which waste products are removed
from the pedv.
3) Nutrition ;- the method of taking food by an organism and its
utilisation by the body to make the body, for growth, to repair the
damaged parts of the body and for energy.
Life on earth depends on carbon based molecules and most of the
food are carbon based molecules. the skin raw materials used
by living organisms are food, water and air.
a) Modes of nutrition :- There are two main modes of nutrition. They are autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.
i) Autotrophic nutrition :- is nutrition during which organisms prepare their
own food from simple inorganic substances like CO2 and
water within the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Eg :- all green plants and a few bacteria.
ii) Heterotrophic nutrition :- is nutrition during which organisms get their
food directly or indirectly from plants.
Eg :- all animals fungi and a few bacteria.
b) kinds of heterotrophic nutrition :- There are three main kinds of
heterotrophic nutrition. they're saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic
nutritions.
i) Saprohytic nutrition :- is nutrition within which organisms get their food
from dead and decaying organisms. They break down the food material
outside their body and so absorbs it. Eg: mushroom, bread mould,
yeast, some bacteria etc.
ii) Parasitic nutrition:- is nutrition within which organisms get their food
from living organisms (host) without killing them. Eg -cuscuta, orchids,
ticks, lice, leeches, round worm, tape worm, plasmodium etc.
i) Holozoic nutrition : is nutrition within which organisms take food
directly and so digests and absorbs it. Eg: amoeba, paramaecium,
birds, fishes, humans etc.
*4) Nutrition in plants
Photosynthesis- is that the process by which plants prepare food by using
carbon dioxide and water within the presence of suniight and chlorophyll.
The food prepared is carbohydrate which is stored within the type of
starch. Oxygen is released during this process.
Equation of photosynthesis
6CO + 12H,O
Sunlight
CsH20, +6H,0 + 60
Chlorophyl
Process of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in three main steps. They are:
i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
splitting ofwater molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
ii) Reduction of CO2 into carbohydrates.
Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of leaves through which exchange of gases takes place.
Each stoma encompasses a pair of guard cells which controls opening and shutting of the stomatal pore. when water enters it Swells as a result stomatal pore open when pop out it shirnk and open
5a) Activity to point out that chlorophyll is important for the method of Photosynthesis
Take a potted plant having variegated leaves (croton plant). Keep it in
dark room for 3 days so all the starch is employed up. Then keep
it in sunlight for six hours. Then take a leaf from the plant and mark the
green areas of the leaf ona sheet of paper. Then dip the leaf in boiling
water to create it soft. Then dip the leaf in a verylcohol and warmth it in a water
bath to decolourise it and take away the chlorophyl. Then wash the leaf
n water and dip it in dilute iodine solution. it'll be seen that only the
green parts of the leaf turns blue black. This shows that chlorophyll is
ecessary tor photosyntnesis
b)Activity to point out that carbonic acid gas is important for photosynthesis
Take two potted plants of the identical size and keep them in a very dark
room for 3 days so ll the starch is employed up. Then keep the
plants on separate glass plates. Keep a watch glas5 containing some
KOH near one plant to soak up carbonic acid gas. Cover
both the plants with bel jars and seal the underside or the jars with
vaseline to create it air tight. Keep the plants in sunignt tor tnree nous
Then take a leaf from each plant and test for starch. The leaf of the
plant kept 1n the jar containing potash doesn't show the
presence of starch. This shows that CO2is important for the method of photosynthesis.
6) Nutrition in animals
Nutrition In Animal takes plave through
(i) Ingestion
(ii)Digestion
(ii)Assimilation
(iv)Absorption
(v)excretion
a. Nutrition in Amoeba:
• Amoeba eats tiny plants and animals as food which floats in water during which it lives.
• The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic.
• the method of obtaining food by Amoeba is termed phagocytosis.
Steps involved within the nutrition of Amoeba:
• Amoeba captures food near its body through temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia to create food vacuole.
• Enzymes enter food vacuole from cytoplasm. The enzymes convert the taken food to smaller substances which might be absorbed by body.
• The digested food diffuses dead set reach to the whole body.
• Body uses the food for growth.
• cell wall of amoeba ruptures at any point to throw out stuff.
Enzymes: Enzymes are juice like substances secreted by organs in living organisms which act as bio-catalyst in biochemical reactions inside the bod
undigested food is then sent out through the surface of the cell
b) Nutrition in Human beings
Nutrition in human beings takes place in the digestive system. It
consists of the alimentary canal and glands which produce enzymes
which breaks down food into smaller molecules.
The main organs of the digestive system are mouth, oesophagus,stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
In the mouth:- the food is lessened into smaller particles by the teeth
and mixed with saliva from the salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme
salivary amylase which converts starch into sugar. Then the food passes through
the oesophagus into the stomach.
In the stomach: the gastric glands produce digestive fluid which contains the
enzyme pepsin, acid and mucous. Pepsin breaks down proteins.
Hydrochloric acid makes the medium acidic and helps within the action of pepsin.
Mucous protects the walls of the stomach from the action of the acid. Then the
food passes into the small intestine.
In the upper a part of the tiny intestine called duodenum:- the food is mixed
with bile from liver and digestive fluid from the pancreas. Bile breaks down
fats into smaller globules. digestive fluid contains the enzymes trypsin and
lipase. Trypsin breaks down proteins and lipase breaks down fats.
In the gut the glands the walls of the tiny intestine produces
intestinal juice. The enzymes of the secretion coverts carbohydrates into
glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol and proteins into amino acids. The
walls of the tiny intestine has several finger like projections called villi having
blood vessels. It helps to extend the expanse for the absorption of
digested food. The digested food is absorbed by the blood and transported to all or any
cells within the body. Then the undigested food passes into the massive intestine.
In the intestine :- water is absorbed and also the waste is removed
through the anus.p
Human circulatory system
Circulatory system is responsible for transportation of various substances it's composed of heart, arteries, veins and blood capillaries. Blood plays the role of the carrier for substances within the body.
Heart could be a muscular organ which consists of cardiac muscles. the center could be a pumping organ which pumps the blood throughout the body.
Heart could be a triangular shaped structure. it's located in cavity inside ribcage between lungs above diaphragm and tilted towards left.
Anatomy of Heart -
The human heart consists of 4 chambers, viz. atrium dextrum, ventricle, atrium cordis and heart ventricle.
D:\Diagrams\Heart.jpg
Valve allows a technique flow of liquid.
Heart is surrounded by a skinny layer called Paricardium. It protects the center and maintains the form of heart.
Septum could be a partition which separates right and left heart.
Blood Circulation through the center -
There are some terms associated with blood circulation through the center which are given below.
Oxygenated Blood: Blood during which oxygen is mixed is termed Oxygenated Blood.
Deoxygenated Blood: Blood during which CO2 is mixed is termed Oxygenated Blood.
Left atrium: It collects blood from lungs and passes to heart ventricle.
Left ventricle: It pumps blood in order that it can reach to all or any body parts.
Right atrium: Collects blood from body organs and passes to ventricle.
Right ventricle: It pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.
Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood moves from heart to lungs and converts into oxygenated blood and so this oxygenated blood moves back to heart. This one circulation of blood is termed circulation.
Systemic Circulation: In another cycle of blood circulation, oxygenated blood moves from heart to other organs and converts into deoxygenated blood and so this deoxygenated blood moves back to heart. This circulation of blood is termed circulation.
Thus in human body blood passes through the heart twice. this kind of circulation is termed double circulation.
Double circulation ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood which is important for optimum energy production in warm-blooded animals.
Blood Vessels -
Blood vessels are of three types:
(i). Arteries (ii). Veins (iii). Capillaries
Arteries: These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from the center to different organs. Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood from the center to lungs; where oxygenation of blood takes place.
Veins: These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood from different organs to the center. Pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart
Valves are present in veins to stop backflow of blood
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