Crop Production and Management
(i) All the living organisms require food for his or her life processes like digestion, respiration, and excretion etc. Plants can make their own food by the method of photosynthesis and animals included humans cannot make their food so that they are trusted the plants.
(ii) so as to produce food for an outsized population— regular production, proper management and distribution of food is important.
Agricultural Practices:
(i) When the identical varieties of plants are grown at one place on an outsized scale, it's called a crop. Different type crops like cereals, vegetables and fruits etc, will be classified on the premise of the season within which they grow.
(ii) India may be a vast country. Here weather conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one region to a different. there's an expensive sort of crops grown in several parts of the India. Despite this diversity, two broad cropping patterns will be identified. These are:
(a) Kharif Crops:- The crops which are sown within the season are called kharif crops. The season in India is mostly from June month to September month. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc., are the samples of kharif crops.
Examples of Kharif Crops: Maize
2. Rabi Crops:-The crops which are grown within the winter season are called rabi crops. Their fundamental measure is mostly from October month to March month. Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed are the samples of rabi crops.
Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.
Examples of Rabi Crops: Wheat
1. Preparation of Soil: one among the foremost important tasks in agriculture is to show the soil and loosen it. The loose soil allows the roots to penetrate and breathe easily even after they go into the soil. The loosened soil helps within the growth of earthworms and microbes present within the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is named tilling or ploughing. this can be done by employing a plough which is formed of wood or iron.
If the soil is incredibly dry, it should need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs. it's necessary to interrupt these crumbs with a plank. the sector is levelled by leveller for sowing furthermore as for irrigation purposes2. Sowing: Sowing is that the most vital a part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected. These are clean and healthy seeds of a decent variety. Farmers like better to use seeds which provides a high yield.
Before sowing, one among the important tasks is to understand about the tools used for sowing seeds.
(i) Traditional Tool: it's the tool shaped liked funnel used traditionally for sowing seeds. The seeds are filled into the funnel, passed down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce into the soil and place seeds there.
(ii) Seed Drill: Now days the seed drill is employed for sowing with the assistance of tractors. With help of this tool sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing and prevents damage caused by birds. It saves time and labour.3. Adding Manure and Fertilisers
(i) For the healthy growth of plants substances which are added to the soil within the kind of nutrients are called manure and fertilisers.
(ii) Nutrients are essential for the expansion of plants. Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. In certain areas, farmers grow crop after crop within the same field. the sector is rarely left uncultivated or fallow.
(iii) Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers must add manure to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients. This process is named manuring.
(iv) Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant wastes or animal excreta. Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and permit it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is employed as organic manure.
(v) Fertilisers are chemicals manufactured in factories. they're chemicals highly rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Advantage of Manure:
(i) It provides many organic matter which makes soil porous.
(ii) It increases soil fertility normally.
(iii) It provide some nutrients in small amounts
(iv) because it made up of waste products, so environment is cleaned.
(v) It increases the water holding capacity.
4. Irrigation:
(i) Water is very important for correct growth and development of plants.
(ii) Water is crucial because germination of seeds doesn't happen under dry conditions. Nutrients dissolved in water get transported to every a part of the plant.
(iii) Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents. the availability of water to crops at different intervals is named irrigation.
(iv) It’s not a decent to rely on rain for water because it isn't fully reliable. a correct irrigation system will ensure timely and adequate water to crops. this can cause more yield.
Sources of Irrigation: Wells, Tube wells, Ponds, Lakes, Rivers, Dams and Canals are the sources of Irrigation.
1. Traditional Methods of Irrigation:
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in numerous regions, for taking it to the fields.
. Modern Methods of Irrigation:
(i) Sprinkler System:
In this system, perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the most pipeline at regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the most pipe fraught with the assistance of a pump, it sprinkles from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it's raining.
(ii) Drip system:
In this system, the water falls drop in drop just at the position of the roots. So it's called drip system.
5. Protection from Weeds:
(i) Weeds are the undesirable plants which can grow naturally together with the crop within the field.
(ii) The removal of weeds is termed weeding. Weeding is critical because they affect the expansion of the crop by compete with the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light-weight.
(i) All the living organisms require food for his or her life processes like digestion, respiration, and excretion etc. Plants can make their own food by the method of photosynthesis and animals included humans cannot make their food so that they are trusted the plants.
(ii) so as to produce food for an outsized population— regular production, proper management and distribution of food is important.
Agricultural Practices:
(i) When the identical varieties of plants are grown at one place on an outsized scale, it's called a crop. Different type crops like cereals, vegetables and fruits etc, will be classified on the premise of the season within which they grow.
(ii) India may be a vast country. Here weather conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one region to a different. there's an expensive sort of crops grown in several parts of the India. Despite this diversity, two broad cropping patterns will be identified. These are:
(a) Kharif Crops:- The crops which are sown within the season are called kharif crops. The season in India is mostly from June month to September month. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc., are the samples of kharif crops.
Examples of Kharif Crops: Maize
2. Rabi Crops:-The crops which are grown within the winter season are called rabi crops. Their fundamental measure is mostly from October month to March month. Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed are the samples of rabi crops.
Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.
Examples of Rabi Crops: Wheat
1. Preparation of Soil: one among the foremost important tasks in agriculture is to show the soil and loosen it. The loose soil allows the roots to penetrate and breathe easily even after they go into the soil. The loosened soil helps within the growth of earthworms and microbes present within the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is named tilling or ploughing. this can be done by employing a plough which is formed of wood or iron.
If the soil is incredibly dry, it should need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs. it's necessary to interrupt these crumbs with a plank. the sector is levelled by leveller for sowing furthermore as for irrigation purposes2. Sowing: Sowing is that the most vital a part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected. These are clean and healthy seeds of a decent variety. Farmers like better to use seeds which provides a high yield.
Before sowing, one among the important tasks is to understand about the tools used for sowing seeds.
(i) Traditional Tool: it's the tool shaped liked funnel used traditionally for sowing seeds. The seeds are filled into the funnel, passed down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce into the soil and place seeds there.
(ii) Seed Drill: Now days the seed drill is employed for sowing with the assistance of tractors. With help of this tool sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing and prevents damage caused by birds. It saves time and labour.3. Adding Manure and Fertilisers
(i) For the healthy growth of plants substances which are added to the soil within the kind of nutrients are called manure and fertilisers.
(ii) Nutrients are essential for the expansion of plants. Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. In certain areas, farmers grow crop after crop within the same field. the sector is rarely left uncultivated or fallow.
(iii) Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers must add manure to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients. This process is named manuring.
(iv) Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant wastes or animal excreta. Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and permit it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is employed as organic manure.
(v) Fertilisers are chemicals manufactured in factories. they're chemicals highly rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Advantage of Manure:
(i) It provides many organic matter which makes soil porous.
(ii) It increases soil fertility normally.
(iii) It provide some nutrients in small amounts
(iv) because it made up of waste products, so environment is cleaned.
(v) It increases the water holding capacity.
4. Irrigation:
(i) Water is very important for correct growth and development of plants.
(ii) Water is crucial because germination of seeds doesn't happen under dry conditions. Nutrients dissolved in water get transported to every a part of the plant.
(iii) Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents. the availability of water to crops at different intervals is named irrigation.
(iv) It’s not a decent to rely on rain for water because it isn't fully reliable. a correct irrigation system will ensure timely and adequate water to crops. this can cause more yield.
Sources of Irrigation: Wells, Tube wells, Ponds, Lakes, Rivers, Dams and Canals are the sources of Irrigation.
1. Traditional Methods of Irrigation:
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in numerous regions, for taking it to the fields.
. Modern Methods of Irrigation:
(i) Sprinkler System:
In this system, perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the most pipeline at regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the most pipe fraught with the assistance of a pump, it sprinkles from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it's raining.
(ii) Drip system:
In this system, the water falls drop in drop just at the position of the roots. So it's called drip system.
5. Protection from Weeds:
(i) Weeds are the undesirable plants which can grow naturally together with the crop within the field.
(ii) The removal of weeds is termed weeding. Weeding is critical because they affect the expansion of the crop by compete with the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light-weight.
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