Ecosystem
The interaction between Biotic and Abiotic component in an area form Ecosystem
Types of ecosystem
It is of two types
(i) Natural ecosystem: Those ecosytem which exits in nature on its own
Example: forest, lake, ocean.
(ii)Artifical ecosystem:Man made ecosytem are called Artifical ecosytem
Ex:Aquarium
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
There are 2 components of ecosystem
(i) Abiotic component :- The non living components of ecosytem such as Air ,Sunlight are called Abiotic component
(ii) Biotic component :-The living component of ecosystem such as human is called Abiotic component
On the basis of nutrition biotic components has been further divided into
→ Producers :Organism such as green plants and algae prepare their own food and are called producer
→ Consumers: Organism which depends on producers directly or indirectly for their food.
Division of Consumers
(i) Herbivores: Grass eating animal are called herbovores
Example: goat, deer.
(ii) Carnivores: Flesh eater are called carnivores
Example: tiger, crocodile.
(iii) Omnivores: organism who eats both plants and animals.
Example: human.
(iv) Parasites: Those organism who Live on the body of host and take nutrient from it.
Example: lice, cascuta.
Decomposers: Organisms feeding on dead decay plants and animals. Example: bacteria, fungi.
They help in the replenishment of natural resources.
In a food chain there are several steps where transfer of energy take places and this occupies trophic level
Flow of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.
→ Green plants take only 1% of sunlight and convert it into Chemical energy.
→ 10 percent law : Only 10% of total energy is passed to next trophic level. The remaining 90% energy is used in life processes such as(digestion, growth, reproduction etc.)
→ Due to this gradual decrease in energy, food chains contain 3-4 trophic levels only.
Trophic levels
• Decrease in energy
10000J----1000J---100J---10J
• Biological magnification: The concentration of harmful chemicals increases with increase in next trophic level in a food chain. This is called biological magnification.
→ Maximum concentration of chemicals get accumulated in human body as human occupy the top level in any such food chain.
Food web :- It is defined as interconnection of food chain
Environmental problems: Due to Changes in the environment We get effected and our activities change the environment around us. Human activities leads to pollution,deforestation
Ozone layer
→ ozone layer is a protective blanket round the earth which absorbs most of the harmful UV (ultraviolet) radiations of the sunlight, thus protecting living beings from many health hazards like carcinoma, cataract, destruction of plants etc.
Ozone (O3) layer is present at higher levels of atmosphere (i.e. stratosphere). it's a deadly poison at ground level.
Formation of ozone molecule
(i) The high energy UV radiations break down the O2 molecules into free oxygen (O) atoms.
O →(UV) O + O (atoms)
(ii) These oxygen atoms then combine with oxygen (O2) molecule to form ozone molecule.
O2 + O → O3 (ozone)
Depletion of Ozone layer
→Decrease in the thickness of ozone layer over Antarctica was first observed in 1985 and was termed as hole.
→ This decrease was linked to excessive use of synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used in refrigerators, ACs, fire-extinguishers, aerosols sprays etc.
UNITED NATION ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRAMME
Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded in forging an agreement to prevent CFC production at 1986 levels (KYOTO PROTOCOL) by all countries
Garbage disposal
→ Improvements in lifestyle have resulted in accumulation of enormous amounts of waste materials.
Types of materials in Garbage
(i) Biodegradable: Substances which may be decomposed by the action of micro-organisms are called biodegradable wastes.
Example: fruit and vegetable peels, cotton, jute, dung, paper, etc.
(ii) Non-biodegradable wastes: Substances which can't be decomposed by the action of micro-organisms are called non-biodegradable wastes.
Example: plastic, polythenes, metals, synthetic fibres, radioactive wastes, pesticides etc.
Micro-organisms release enzymes which decompose the materials but these enzymes are specific in their action that’s why enzymes cannot decompose all the materials.
Methods of waste disposal
(i) Biogas plant: Biodegradable waste are often utilized in biogas plant to supply biogas and manure.
(ii) Sewage treatment plant: The drain water are often cleaned in sewage treatment plant before adding it to rivers.
(iii) Land fillings: The wastes are buried in low lying areas and are compacted by rolling with bulldozers.
(iv) Composting: Organic wastes are filled in a very compost pit and covered with a layer of soil, after about three months garbage changes to manure.
(v) Recycling: Non-biodegradable wastes are recycled to form new items.
(vi) Reuse: it's a standard technique to use an item again. Example: newspaper for creating envelope
On the basis of nutrition biotic components has been further divided into
→ Producers :Organism such as green plants and algae prepare their own food and are called producer
→ Consumers: Organism which depends on producers directly or indirectly for their food.
Division of Consumers
(i) Herbivores: Grass eating animal are called herbovores
Example: goat, deer.
(ii) Carnivores: Flesh eater are called carnivores
Example: tiger, crocodile.
(iii) Omnivores: organism who eats both plants and animals.
Example: human.
(iv) Parasites: Those organism who Live on the body of host and take nutrient from it.
Example: lice, cascuta.
Decomposers: Organisms feeding on dead decay plants and animals. Example: bacteria, fungi.
They help in the replenishment of natural resources.
In a food chain there are several steps where transfer of energy take places and this occupies trophic level
Flow of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.
→ Green plants take only 1% of sunlight and convert it into Chemical energy.
→ 10 percent law : Only 10% of total energy is passed to next trophic level. The remaining 90% energy is used in life processes such as(digestion, growth, reproduction etc.)
→ Due to this gradual decrease in energy, food chains contain 3-4 trophic levels only.
Trophic levels
• Decrease in energy
10000J----1000J---100J---10J
• Biological magnification: The concentration of harmful chemicals increases with increase in next trophic level in a food chain. This is called biological magnification.
→ Maximum concentration of chemicals get accumulated in human body as human occupy the top level in any such food chain.
Food web :- It is defined as interconnection of food chain
Environmental problems: Due to Changes in the environment We get effected and our activities change the environment around us. Human activities leads to pollution,deforestation
Ozone layer
→ ozone layer is a protective blanket round the earth which absorbs most of the harmful UV (ultraviolet) radiations of the sunlight, thus protecting living beings from many health hazards like carcinoma, cataract, destruction of plants etc.
Ozone (O3) layer is present at higher levels of atmosphere (i.e. stratosphere). it's a deadly poison at ground level.
Formation of ozone molecule
(i) The high energy UV radiations break down the O2 molecules into free oxygen (O) atoms.
O →(UV) O + O (atoms)
(ii) These oxygen atoms then combine with oxygen (O2) molecule to form ozone molecule.
O2 + O → O3 (ozone)
Depletion of Ozone layer
→Decrease in the thickness of ozone layer over Antarctica was first observed in 1985 and was termed as hole.
→ This decrease was linked to excessive use of synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used in refrigerators, ACs, fire-extinguishers, aerosols sprays etc.
UNITED NATION ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRAMME
Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded in forging an agreement to prevent CFC production at 1986 levels (KYOTO PROTOCOL) by all countries
Garbage disposal
→ Improvements in lifestyle have resulted in accumulation of enormous amounts of waste materials.
Types of materials in Garbage
(i) Biodegradable: Substances which may be decomposed by the action of micro-organisms are called biodegradable wastes.
Example: fruit and vegetable peels, cotton, jute, dung, paper, etc.
(ii) Non-biodegradable wastes: Substances which can't be decomposed by the action of micro-organisms are called non-biodegradable wastes.
Example: plastic, polythenes, metals, synthetic fibres, radioactive wastes, pesticides etc.
Micro-organisms release enzymes which decompose the materials but these enzymes are specific in their action that’s why enzymes cannot decompose all the materials.
Methods of waste disposal
(i) Biogas plant: Biodegradable waste are often utilized in biogas plant to supply biogas and manure.
(ii) Sewage treatment plant: The drain water are often cleaned in sewage treatment plant before adding it to rivers.
(iii) Land fillings: The wastes are buried in low lying areas and are compacted by rolling with bulldozers.
(iv) Composting: Organic wastes are filled in a very compost pit and covered with a layer of soil, after about three months garbage changes to manure.
(v) Recycling: Non-biodegradable wastes are recycled to form new items.
(vi) Reuse: it's a standard technique to use an item again. Example: newspaper for creating envelope
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